The Association between Extremes in North American Snow Cover Extent and United States Temperatures

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1345-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Leathers ◽  
Dayid A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
North American ◽  
Snow Cover Extent

scholarly journals Evaluation of Remotely Sensed Snow Water Equivalent and Snow Cover Extent over the Contiguous United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1777-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Dawson ◽  
Patrick Broxton ◽  
Xubin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Snow Cover Extent ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Global snow water equivalent (SWE) products derived at least in part from satellite remote sensing are widely used in weather, climate, and hydrometeorological studies. Here we evaluate three such products using our recently developed daily 4-km SWE dataset available from October 1981 to September 2017 over the conterminous United States. This SWE dataset is based on gridded precipitation and temperature data and thousands of in situ measurements of SWE and snow depth. It has a 0.98 correlation and 30% relative mean absolute deviation with Airborne Snow Observatory data and effectively bridges the gap between small-scale lidar surveys and large-scale remotely sensed data. We find that SWE products using remote sensing data have large differences (e.g., the mean absolute difference from our SWE data ranges from 45.8% to 59.3% of the mean SWE in our data), especially in forested areas (where this percentage increases up to 73.5%). Furthermore, they consistently underestimate average maximum SWE values and produce worse SWE (including spurious jumps) during snowmelt. Three additional higher-resolution satellite snow cover extent (SCE) products are used to compare the SCE values derived from these SWE products. There is an overall close agreement between these satellite SCE products and SCE generated from our SWE data, providing confidence in our consistent SWE, snow depth, and SCE products based on gridded climate and station data. This agreement is also stronger than that between satellite SCE and those derived from the three satellite SWE products, further confirming the deficiencies of the SWE products that utilize remote sensing data.

scholarly journals Relationships between Recent Pan-Arctic Snow Cover and Hydroclimate Trends

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 2048-2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Shi ◽  
Stephen J. Déry ◽  
Pavel Ya. Groisman ◽  
Dennis P. Lettenmaier
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
North American ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Snow Cover Extent

Abstract Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model forced with gridded climatic observations, the authors reproduce spatial and temporal variations of snow cover extent (SCE) reported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northern Hemisphere weekly satellite SCE data. Both observed and modeled North American and Eurasian snow cover in the pan-Arctic have statistically significant negative trends from April through June over the period 1972–2006. To diagnose the causes of the pan-Arctic SCE recession, the authors identify the role of surface energy fluxes generated in VIC and assess the relationships between 15 hydroclimatic indicators and NOAA SCE observations over each snow-covered sensitivity zone (SCSZ) for both North America and Eurasia. The authors find that surface net radiation (SNR) provides the primary energy source and sensible heat (SH) plays a secondary role in observed changes of SCE. As compared with SNR and SH, latent heat has only a minor influence on snow cover changes. In addition, these changes in surface energy fluxes resulting in the pan-Arctic snow cover recession are mainly driven by statistically significant decreases in snow surface albedo and increased air temperatures (surface air temperature, daily maximum temperature, and daily minimum temperature), as well as statistically significant increased atmospheric water vapor pressure. Contributions of other hydroclimate variables that the authors analyzed (downward shortwave radiation, precipitation, diurnal temperature range, wind speed, and cloud cover) are not significant for observed SCE changes in either the North American or Eurasian SCSZs.

scholarly journals MODIS Cloud-Gap Filled Snow-Cover Products: Advantages and Uncertainties

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy K. Hall ◽  
George A. Riggs ◽  
Nicolo E. DiGirolamo ◽  
Miguel O. Román
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Snow Cover Extent ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Terra Modis

Abstract. MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cryosphere products that have been available since the launch of the Terra MODIS in 2000 and the Aqua MODIS in 2002 include snow-cover extent (swath, daily and eight-day composites) and daily snow albedo. These products are used in hydrological modeling and studies of local and regional climate, and are increasingly being used to study regional hydrological and climatological changes over time. Reprocessing of the complete snow-cover data record, from Collection 5 (C5) to Collection 6 (C6) and Collection 6.1 (C6.1), has led to improvements in the MODIS product suite. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Collection 1 (C1) snow-cover products have been available since 2011, and are currently being reprocessed for Collection 2 (C2). To address the need for a cloud-reduced or cloud-free daily snow product for both MODIS and VIIRS, a new daily cloud-gap filled snow-cover product was developed for MODIS C6.1 and VIIRS C2 processing. MOD10A1F (Terra) and MYD10A1F (Aqua) are daily, 500-m resolution cloud-gap filled (CGF) snow-cover map products from MODIS. VNP10A1F is the 375-m resolution CGF snow map from VIIRS. The CGF maps provide daily cloud-free snow maps, along with cloud-persistence maps showing the age of the snow or non-snow observation in each pixel. Work is ongoing to evaluate and document uncertainties in the MODIS and VIIRS standard daily CGF snow-cover products. Analysis of the MOD/MYD10A1F products for study areas in the western United States shows excellent results in terms of accuracy of snow-cover mapping. When there are frequent clear-sky episodes, MODIS is able to capture enough clear views of the surface to produce accurate snow-cover information and snow maps. Even in the extensively-cloud-covered northeastern United States during winter months, snow maps from MODIS CGF products are useful, though the snow maps are likely to miss some snow, particularly during the spring snowmelt period when snow may fall and melt within a day or two, before the clouds clear from the storm that deposited the snow. Comparisons between the Terra and Aqua CGF snow maps have revealed differences that are related to cloud masking in the two algorithms. We conclude that the MODIS Terra CGF is the more accurate MODIS snow-cover product, and should therefore be the basis of an Environmental Science Data Record that will extend the CGF data record from the Terra MODIS beginning in 2000 through the VIIRS era, at least through the early 2030s.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the nomenclature of two North American fishes

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE M PORTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Shad ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fish Louse

A curious error affects the names of three North American clupeids—the Alewife, American Shad, and Menhaden. The Alewife was first described by the British-born American architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1799, just two years after what is generally acknowledged as the earliest description of any ichthyological species published in the United States. Latrobe also described the ‘fish louse’, the common isopod parasite of the Alewife, with the new name, Oniscus praegustator. Expressing an enthusiasm for American independence typical of his generation, Latrobe humorously proposed the name Clupea tyrannus for the Alewife because the fish, like all tyrants, had parasites or hangers-on.

scholarly journals “The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ayana Omilade Flewellen ◽  
Justin P. Dunnavant ◽  
Alicia Odewale ◽  
Alexandra Jones ◽  
Tsione Wolde-Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
The North ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future

This forum builds on the discussion stimulated during an online salon in which the authors participated on June 25, 2020, entitled “Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” and which was cosponsored by the Society of Black Archaeologists (SBA), the North American Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG), and the Columbia Center for Archaeology. The online salon reflected on the social unrest that gripped the United States in the spring of 2020, gauged the history and conditions leading up to it, and considered its rippling throughout the disciplines of archaeology and heritage preservation. Within the forum, the authors go beyond reporting the generative conversation that took place in June by presenting a road map for an antiracist archaeology in which antiblackness is dismantled.

Notice of transfer of figured specimens of North American Devonian cyclocystoids

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
R. William Orr ◽  
Richard H. Fluegeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
State University ◽  
Ball State University ◽  
Geological Museum ◽  
University College ◽  
University Of Cincinnati ◽  
The University

In 1990 (Fluegeman and Orr) the writers published a short study on known North American cyclocystoids. This enigmatic group is best represented in the United States Devonian by only two specimens, both illustrated in the 1990 report. Previously, the Cortland, New York, specimen initially described by Heaslip (1969) was housed at State University College at Cortland, New York, and the Logansport, Indiana, specimen was housed at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana. Both institutions recognize the importance of permanently placing these rare specimens in a proper paleontologic repository with other cyclocystoids. Therefore, these two specimens have been transferred to the curated paleontologic collection at the University of Cincinnati Geological Museum where they can be readily studied by future workers in association with a good assemblage of Ordovician specimens of the Cyclocystoidea.

Financial Returns in Major League Soccer

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252110227
Author(s):  
John Charles Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
North American ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues

Major League Soccer (MLS) is the top-tier professional soccer league serving the United States and Canada. This study examines factors hypothesized to impact consumer demand for professional sports on team revenue in this nascent league. The estimates are consistent with positive returns to performance, novelty effects from newer teams, and varying impacts from roster quality and composition. Other factors hypothesized to be important for MLS teams (e.g., stadium quality and market demographics) are not associated with team revenue. The estimates are similar to findings in other major North American sports leagues, even though MLS operates with a unique single-entity ownership structure that has the potential to disincentivize individual team investments by league owners.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document